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TypeScript輸入輸出

TypeScript 是一種由微軟開發(fā)的開源編程語言,它是 JavaScript 的一個超集,添加了可選的靜態(tài)類型和基于類的面向?qū)ο缶幊蹋琓ypeScript 的設(shè)計目標是提高代碼的可讀性和可維護性,同時保持對 JavaScript 的兼容性,在許多方面,TypeScript 都可以被視為是 JavaScript 的一個更好的版本。

TypeScript 基礎(chǔ)

安裝 TypeScript

要開始使用 TypeScript,首先需要在計算機上安裝它,可以通過 Node.js 包管理器 npm 來安裝 TypeScript:

npm install g typescript

TypeScript 文件

創(chuàng)建一個名為 example.ts 的文件,然后在其中輸入以下內(nèi)容:

function greeter(person: string) {
    return "Hello, " + person;
}
let user = "TypeScript User";
console.log(greeter(user));

這個文件定義了一個名為 greeter 的函數(shù),該函數(shù)接受一個字符串參數(shù) person,并返回一個問候語,我們創(chuàng)建了一個名為 user 的變量,并將其值設(shè)置為 "TypeScript User",我們調(diào)用 greeter 函數(shù)并將結(jié)果打印到控制臺。

編譯 TypeScript 文件

要編譯 TypeScript 文件,需要使用 tsc 命令:

tsc example.ts

這將生成一個名為 example.js 的 JavaScript 文件,可以使用 Node.js 來運行此文件:

node example.js

輸出應該是:

Hello, TypeScript User

TypeScript 特性

類型注解

TypeScript 支持兩種類型的注解:尖括號(<>)和方括號([]),尖括號表示具體的類型,而方括號表示任意類型。

let numbers: number[] = [1, 2, 3]; // 數(shù)組中的所有元素都是數(shù)字類型
let strings: string[] = ["TypeScript", "Rocks"]; // 同上
let mixed: (number | string)[] = [1, "two", 3, "four"]; // 混合類型數(shù)組,可以包含數(shù)字和字符串類型

接口

接口是一種描述對象結(jié)構(gòu)的方式,它們可以用來檢查一個對象是否具有特定的屬性和方法。

interface Person {
    firstName: string;
    lastName: string;
}
function greeter(person: Person): void {
    console.log("Hello, " + person.firstName + " " + person.lastName);
}

類和對象繼承

TypeScript 支持類和對象繼承。

class Animal {
    name: string;
    constructor(name: string) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    move(distanceInMeters: number = 0) {
        console.log(${this.name} moved ${distanceInMeters}m.);
    }
}
class Dog extends Animal {
    bark() {
        console.log("Woof!");
    }
}
const dog = new Dog("Rufus");
dog.bark(); // Woof!
dog.move(10); // Rufus moved 10m. without specifying distance in meters. default value is used. and then the method of the parent class is called. which prints the output as mentioned above. but if we call the move method with a distance, it will be called from the Dog class and not from the Animal class. because of the way JavaScript works with classes and objects. and that's why we need to use the super keyword to call the method from the parent class. like this: dog.super.move(10); // Rufus moved 10m. which is the expected output. and now we have achieved our goal of calling the method from the parent class when needed. even though we are using an ES6 class syntax. which is similar to TypeScript classes. but they are not exactly the same thing. and there are some differences between them as well. which we will discuss later in this tutorial. on advanced topics section. where we will cover more complex topics related to TypeScript and its features. such as decorators, modules, async/await, etc...

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